Sudargas, Lithuania
(In Yiddish: Sudarg. In Russian: Sudargi)
Copyright © 1998 by Joel Alpert and
Joseph Rosin
Location:
55 deg, 3' North Latitude, 22 deg, 38' East Longitude
- 110 miles West-North-West of Vilnius (Vilna)
- 51 miles West of Kaunas (Kovno)
- 5.4 miles West-South-West of
Jurbarkas
(Yurburg)
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Hilelson Family in Sudarg in September 1940
Standing from right:Yitzhak Hilelson, Gershon Hilelson, Leah'le,
her father Yehuda Goldberg. Sitting from the right: Yitzhaks first
wife (name unknown), Mina Rosin Hilelson, Elka Hilelson Goldberg
(Leah'le's mother). Mina Rosin Hilelson was the aunt of Joseph Rosin,
mother of Yitzhak, Gershon and Elka and grandmother of Leah'le.
Guttmann Berkman family group photo from Sudarg in 1927
The lady with the bandana on the right in front is Chaya Rifka
Gutmann, nee Berkman. The one behind her in the white dress is
believed to be a cousin from the Berkman family. She had brothers and
one sister in the US. Her nieces do not know her first name. The
other people in the picture are named Moritz and Fanye, Hindke, and
Geneshke. The group collectively was referred to in Yiddish as "Die
Treifyane" as in the word for non-kosher. The picture was taken in
Sudargas in 1927. (Photo was provided by Martin Miller)
Click here for Photos and Information
Provided by Martin Miller and Barabara Clow
Article on Sudarg written by Joseph Rosin, Haifa, Israel
Sudargas (in Yiddish-Sudarg; in Russian-Sudargi)
The small town of Sudarg is situated in the south-western part of
Lithuania, in the county of Shaki (Sakiai), on the left bank of the
river Neman (Nemunas) and close to the border with East-Prussia. It
lies 9 kilometers (5.4 miles) down-river from the larger town of
Jurbarkas (Yurburg or Yurbrik in Yiddish) which lies on the right
bank of the Neman river and can be found on many maps
(click here to see a map, then click on
"BACK" button to return to this page). The town was
established during the second half of the sixteenth century, and in
1724 King August the Second granted the town its city rights.
During the third division of Poland in 1795 the territories on the
left bank of the river Neman were given to Prussia and during that
period (1795-1807) the above mentioned rights were annulled. From
1807 until 1815 Sudarg was within the boundaries of "The Great
Dukedom of Warsaw". At that time people used to say that "when a
rooster crowed in Sudarg he was heard in three countries: Poland,
Russia and Prussia." After the defeat of Napoleon, Russia took over
all the territory of Lithuania and ruled there from 1815 until the
First World War. During these years Sudarg was a small town with an
growing population: In 1827 there were 373 inhabitants in the town,
in 1890 - 900 people and by 1901 about 3,000.
The first Jews probably settled in Sudarg at the end of the
eighteenth or at the beginning of the nineteenth century. At that
time community institutions were established and for many years the
Jews were the majority. In 1856 Sudarg had a population of 689
people, of whom 627 were Jews (91%).
A large forest of about 1,000 hectares (an area of 2 miles by 2
miles) near Sudarg, lying partly in Lithuania and partly in Prussia,
was a convenient site for smuggling and many Jews made their living
from this activity. There were some people from Sudarg, also
including Jews, who would float timber down the Neman river; in
Sudarg these rafts of timber would be disassembled, the logs would be
sawed up and loaded onto boats for transportation to Germany. In
those days, Sudarg's connection to the world was by way of boats on
the Neman River or by carts in summer and sledges in winter. In
spring, when the ice on the Neman began to break up and the dust
roads were full of sludge and mud, the town was practically isolated
from the world.
During the period of Independent Lithuania (1918-1940), Sudarg
became a forgotten small town, where opportunities to earn a living
became ever more difficult. As a result almost all Jewish youths left
the town and moved mainly to Kovno (Kaunas) or went abroad and the
Jewish population of Sudarg dwindled. The first census in Sudarg
undertaken by the Lithuanian government in 1923 showed only 257
people in the town.
During the years before World War I and in the first years of
Lithuanian rule many young people from Sudarg emigrated to America
(to El Paso and Dallas, Texas and Albuquerque and other parts of New
Mexico, and New York City to name a few places) and there raised
large families (Rosin-Rosen, Hilelson-Hilson, Guttman, Goodman and
others). According to Martin Miller, Joseph Hillel Goodman (Guttman)
from Sudarg helped 47 of his fellow townsmen immigrate to El Paso,
Texas in the early part of this century (see below for more
information from Martin Miller).
The Jews in Sudarg ran a few grocery and haberdashery stores, two
taverns, two bakeries, a pharmacy and a wool combing workshop. Others
traded illegally in meat, mainly with the Germans on the other side
of the border. According to the Jewish Craftsmen Association's survey
of 1937 there were then two Jewish tailors, one butcher and one baker
in Sudarg.
Throughout the whole period of the presence of a Jewish community
in Sudarg, there existed a great synagogue (Di Shul), decorated
inside with spectacular wood engravings. This synagogue was used for
prayers only in summer, while in winter people would pray in the
other synagogue, the "Beth-Midrash," in which there was a stove. Both
synagogues were built in the nineteenth century and were made of
wood. Among the Rabbis who served in Sudarg were: Tzvi Rom
(1844-1886), author of the book "Eretz Hatzvi" (Land of the Deer);
Sender Vilensky; and also Regensberg who moved to New York in the
1920s in order to serve there as a Rabbi. In the 1930s J. Cohen
served as Rabbi in Sudarg.
In the 1920s there still was a "Heder" in Sudarg, where children
learned to read and write, also study some biblical scriptures and a
little Hebrew. Later the few Jewish children studied in the
Lithuanian school.
The engineer and architect Moshe Yitzhak Bloch (1893-August,
1942), a native of Sudarg, devoted much of his time to drawing up
city plans. He even prepared a plan for excavating a channel from
Haifa to the Jordan river, exploiting the difference in height
between the Mediterranean and the much lower level of the Jordan in
order to produce electric energy. He also had plans for irrigating
the Negev.
The British mandatory authorities found his plans interesting, and
in 1938 he visited London in order to discuss these with them, but
was told that Europe was on the verge of war and that this was not
the right time to deal with such plans. He taught painting and
drawing in two Hebrew High Schools in Kovno. On the 14th of June 1941
he was arrested by the Russians and sent to a labour camp in the
Archangelsk region as a "counter revolutionary", being the chairman
of the "Revisionist" (Hatzohar) party in Kovno. He was shot by a
guard in August 1942 when he demanded that they stop humiliating
prisoners.
The municipality of Be'er Sheva on Israel named a street after
Engineer Yitzhak Bloch.
The German Army had already entered Sudarg on the fi rst day of
the war between Germany and the Soviet Union, on the 22nd of June
1941. During the first days after their arrival, the Germans and
their Lithuanian collaborators started to plot against the local
Jews, which at that time consisted of only about 30 Jewish families.
In the beginning of July 1941 the Nazi and their Lithuanian
collaborators transferred all men as well as two intelligent young
women to Shaki, where they were murdered, together with the local men
on the 5th of July 1941 (10th of Tamuz 5701). The women of Sudarg had
sent a Lithuanian peasant to clarify what had happened to their men.
The peasant arrived in Shaki just at the time of the murders and was
an eye witness to the horror, and on his return to Sudarg he lost his
mind. The women and children of Sudarg were murdered on the 6th of
July 1941 (11th of Tamuz 5701) in the vicinity of the village of
Kidul.
(Written by Joseph Rosin, the English corrected by Sarah and
Mordechai Kopfstein, March, 1998)
Sources:
YIVO -Collection of the Jewish Communities in Lithuania, File 673,
pages 29210-29214
Verbal Evidence by Yitzhak Hilelson (A native of Sudarg)
"Pinkas haKehiloth Lita," Editor: Dov Levin ,Yad-Vashem,
Jerusalem 5756 (1996)
The biography of Moshe Isaac Bloch by Miriam Bloch-Machlis,
Holon, Israel (1987)
Communication from Martin Miller (Feb., 1998)
Other Resources:
Martin Miller wrote on February 26, 1998:
"The first family that I know of that lived in
Sudargas for sure were the Bloch family that settled in Syracuse, NY;
Scranton, PA; and Bayonne, NJ. Some also went to various points in
Nebraska, Texas and finally to California. The Berkman family
likewise lived in Syracuse, NY and also in Johannesburg, South
Africa. There was also a branch that lived in Rochester, NY, and some
in Israel. The Rothschild family also lived in Syracuse, NY. Sarah
Rothschild married Joseph Hillel Goodman in Syracuse in 1895 and went
with him to El Paso. One of her brothers died in Springfield, MA.
Another sister married and lived in Streeter, IL. That branch of the
family lived in Sweden for a time, where one of her brothers was
born."
Dan Goodman wrote on May 27, 1997:
.... I don't know when the community actually started.
I know there were some German Jews there earlier than my family. The
first of nine Goodman's to arrive there was 1882-83. The last was in
1910. My dad was I believe the fifth-in 1898. Dad's older brother
Joseph became a one man immigration service, and over the years he
imported 57 members of the family. So we had a lot of relatives. One
sister, Chana Guttmann Bendalin stayed in the Sudargas, Lithuania
area and she died in the Holocaust. Six of her 7 children ended up in
El Paso, They were my first cousins. Two are still living.
All together in my generation of the Goodman family there were 36
children. Ten are now left; one (Anne Goodman Gollob) died last
week at the age of 92 years and 10 months. Of the 10 still living the
eldest is Ruth Goodman Carr (Anne's older sister) who will be 97 in
September, and the youngest is my sister who is 79.
I never tried to count all the El Pasoans who were connected to
the Goodman family over the generations, but I believe 200 is a
fairly good guess. A book was written about influential Jews in the
state of Texas, and there you will find a write-up about Uncle
Joe-actual name Joseph Hillel Goodman.
It was through this book that Marty Miller in Syracuse found that
one of his wife's relatives (a Rothschild) was married to Uncle Joe
(Not the French Rothschilds but the Sudargas ones).,
If we go back to about 1816 we find that Sudargas was the source
of a very large group of the Guttmann family. My great grandfather,
Kofe Guttman, was, to our knowledge, the father of 12 to 14 children.
A large group lives in Mexico City, and it is here that the paths of
members Joel Alpert's family and the Guttman family cross. Or marry!!
My mother's family also is tied to Texas. Mother was born in San
Antonio in 1886. But her roots are in the Ukraine, Kiev to be
specific.
Dan Goodman <dan_goodman@msn.com>
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Copyright © 1998 & 1999 &
2000 & 2001 by Joel Alpert and Joseph Rosin
Created March 1, 1998 | Last modified
April 16, 2002
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